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2018 Syllabus for Geology and Geophysics (GG)
PART – A : COMMON TO GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS
Earth and Planetary system, size, shape, internal
structure and composition of the earth; atmosphere and greenhouse effect;
isostasy; elements of seismology; physical properties of the interior of the
earth; continents and continental processes; physical oceanography;
geomagnetism and paleomagnetism, continental drift, plate tectonics.
Weathering; soil formation; action of river, wind,
glacier and ocean; earthquakes, volcanism and orogeny. Basic structural
geology, mineralogy and petrology. Geological time scale and geochronology;
stratigraphic principles; major stratigraphic divisions of India. Engineering properties
of rocks and soils. Ground water geology.
Geological and geographical distribution of ore, coal
and petroleum resources of India Introduction to remote sensing. Physical basis
and applications of gravity, magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic, seismic and
radiometric prospecting for oil, mineral and ground water; introductory well
logging.
PART B – SECTION 1: GEOLOGY
Crystalsymmetry, forms, twinning; crystal chemistry;
optical mineralogy, classification of minerals, diagnostic physical and optical
properties of rock forming minerals.
Igneous rocks – classification, forms and textures,
magmatic differentiation; phase diagrams and trace elements as monitors of
magma evolutionary processes; mantle melting models and derivation and primary
magmas.
Metamorphism; controlling factors, metamorphic facies,
grade and basic types; metamorphism of pelitic, mafic and impure carbonate
rocks; role of fluids in metamorphism; metamorphic P-T-t paths and their tectonic
significance; Igneous and metamorphic provinces of India; structure and
petrology of sedimentary rocks; sedimentary processes and environments,
sedimentary facies, basin analysis; association of igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks with tectonic setting.
Stress, strain and material response; brittle and
ductile deformation; primary and secondary structures; geometry and genesis of
folds, faults, joints, unconformities; cleavage, schistosity and lineation;
methods of projection, tectonites and their significance; shear zone;
superposed folding; basement cover relationship.
Morphology, classification and geological significance
of important invertebrates, vertebrates, microfossils and palaeoflora;
stratigraphic principles and Indian stratigraphy. Geomorphic processes and
agents; development and evolution of landforms; slope and drainage; processes
on deep oceanic and near-shore regions; quantitative and applied geomorphology.
Oremineralogy and optical properties of ore minerals;
ore forming processes vis-à-vis ore-rock association (magmatic, hydrothermal,
sedimentary and metamorphogenic ores); ores and metamorphism; fluid inclusions
as an ore genetic tool; prospecting and exploration of economic minerals;
sampling, ore reserve estimation, geostatistics, mining methods. Coal and
petroleum geology; origin and distribution of mineral and fuel deposits in India;
marine geology and ocean resources; ore dressing and mineral economics.
Cosmic abundance; meteorites; geochemical evolution of the
earth; geochemical cycles; distribution of major, minor and trace elements;
elements of geochemical thermodynamics, isotope geochemistry; geochemistry of
waters including solution equilibria and water rock interaction.
Engineering properties of rocks and soils; rocks as
construction materials; role of geology in the construction of engineering
structures including dams, tunnels and excavation sites; natural hazards.
Ground water geology – exploration, well hydraulics and water quality. Basic principles
of remote sensing – energy sources and radiation principles, atmospheric absorption,
interaction of energy with earth’s surface, air-photo interpretation,
multispectral remote sensing in visible, infrared, thermal IR and microwave
regions, digital processing of satellite images. GIS – basic
concepts, raster
and vector mode operation.
PART B – SECTION 2: GEOPHYSICS
The earth as a planet; different motions of the earth;
gravity field of the earth, Clairaut’s theorem, size and shape of earth;
geochronology; seismology and interior of the earth; variation of density,
velocity, pressure, temperature, electrical and magnetic properties of the
earth; earthquakes-causes and measurements, magnitude and intensity, focal
mechanisms, earthquake quantification, source characteristics, seismotectonics
and seismic hazards; digital seismographs, geomagnetic field, paleomagnetism;
oceanic and continental lithosphere; plate tectonics; heat flow; upper and
lower atmospheric phenomena.
Scalar and vector potential fields; Laplace, Maxwell
and Helmholtz equations for solution of different types of boundary value
problems in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates; Green’s
theorem; Image theory; integral equations in potential theory; Eikonal equation
and Ray theory. Basic concepts of forward and inverse problems of geophysics,
Illposedness of inverse problems.
‘G’ and ‘g’ units of measurement, absolute and relative
gravity measurements; Land, airborne, shipborne and bore-hole gravity surveys;
various corrections in gravity data reduction – free air, Bouguer and isostatic
anomalies; density estimates of rocks; regional and residual gravity separation;
principle of equivalent stratum; upward and downward continuation; wavelength filtering;
preparation and analysis of gravity maps; gravity anomalies and their
interpretation – anomalies due to geometrical and irregular shaped bodies,
depth rules, calculation of mass.
Earth’s magnetic field – elements, origin and units of
measurement, magnetic susceptibility of rocks and measurements, magnetometers,
Land, airborne and marine magnetic surveys, corrections, preparation of
magnetic maps, upward and downward continuation, magnetic anomalies-geometrical
shaped bodies, depth estimates, Image processing concepts in processing of
magnetic anomaly maps; Interpretation of processed magnetic anomaly data.
Conduction of electricity through rocks, electrical
conductivities of metals, non-metals, rock forming minerals and different
rocks, concepts of D.C. resistivity measurement, various electrode
configurations for resistivity sounding and profiling, application of filter
theory, Type-curves over multi-layered structures, Dar-Zarrouck parameters,
reduction of layers, coefficient of anisotropy, interpretation of resistivity
field data, equivalence and suppression, self potential and its origin, field
measurement, Induced polarization, time and frequency domain IP measurements;
interpretation and applications of IP, ground-water exploration, environmental and
engineering applications.
Basic concept of EM induction, Origin of
electromagnetic field, elliptic polarization, methods of measurement for
different source-receiver configuration, components in EM measurements. Skin-depth,
interpretation and applications; earth’s natural electromagnetic field,
tellurics, magneto-tellurics; geomagnetic depth sounding principles, electromagnetic
profiling, methods of measurement, processing of data and interpretation. Geological
applications including groundwater, mining and hydrocarbon exploration.
Seismic methods of prospecting; Elastic properties of
earth materials; Reflection, refraction and CDP surveys; land and marine
seismic sources, generation and propagation of elastic waves, velocity – depth
models, geophones, hydrophones, recording instruments (DFS), digital formats, field
layouts, seismic noises and noise profile analysis, optimum geophone grouping,
noise cancellation by shot and geophone arrays, 2D and 3D seismic data
acquisition, processing and interpretation; CDP stacking charts, binning,
filtering, dip-moveout, static and dynamic corrections, Digital seismic data
processing, seismic deconvolution and migration methods, attribute analysis, bright
and dim spots, seismic stratigraphy, high resolution seismics, VSP, AVO.
Reservoir geophysics.
Geophysical signal processing, sampling theorem,
aliasing, Nyquist frequency, Fourier series, periodic waveform, Fourier and
Hilbert transform, Z-transform and wavelet transform; power spectrum, delta
function, auto correlation, cross correlation, convolution, deconvolution, principles
of digital filters, windows, poles and zeros.
Principles and techniques of geophysical well-logging.
SP, resistivity, induction, gamma ray, neutron, density, sonic, temperature,
dip meter, caliper, nuclear magnetic, cement bond logging, micro-logs.
Quantitative evaluation of formations from well logs; well hydraulics and application
of geophysical methods for groundwater study; application of bore hole
geophysics in ground water, mineral and oil exploration.
Radioactive methods of prospecting and assaying of
minerals (radioactive and non radioactive) deposits, half-life, decay constant,
radioactive equilibrium, G M counter, scintillation detector, semiconductor
devices, application of radiometric for exploration and radioactive waste
disposal.
Geophysical inverse problems; non-uniqueness and
stability of solutions; quasi-linear and nonlinear methods including Tikhonov’s
regularization method, Backus-Gilbert method, simulated annealing, genetic
algorithms and artificial neural network.
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